Abstract Freezing technology is currently an important preservation method for aquatic products. However, during the long-term freezing process proteins, which are the main components of muscle tissue, are inevitably exposed to an environment containing oxidative stress inducing changes in muscle protein structure. It leads to irreversible physical and chemical changes causing deterioration in the quality of aquatic products and reducing their nutritional value. Therefore, it is necessary clarify in depth to control oxidative damage of muscle during freezing and storage to gain more insight into the mechanisms of freezing-induced protein oxidation. The mechanism of protein oxidation in fish freezing, the effect of protein oxidation on fish quality, and the current regulatory methods for delaying protein oxidation were summarized in this paper review. The purpose is to provide a new research direction for the research and application of quality control in the process of fish frozen storage.

Abstract Fresh aquatic products have high nutritional value, but they are easily susceptible to spoilage. Freezing as an effective preservation method could better retain the quality and safety of aquatic products. However, mechanical damage caused by ice crystals and the oxidation of proteins and lipids would inevitably bring about a reduction in the quality of the frozen product during freezing and preservation. This work summarized the important factors that affected the quality of frozen aquatic products, revealed the mechanism of deterioration of frozen aquatic products on the quality through sensory evaluation and changes in physiochemical indicators. In the context of high-quality development, some improvements in frozen fish preservation were proposed to provide theoretical basis and solutions to improve the quality and efficiency of fish processing.

Abstract Anthocyanin plays an important role in wine color and quality. The anthocyanin concentration in grapes depends on the variety and is influenced by environmental factors, such as temperature, sunlight, soil, and grapevine practice. In this study, the anthocyanin profiles of two varieties, namely Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, from five regions (11 plots) in Xinjiang were examined. The climatic parameters performed noticeable difference between northern and southern of Xinjiang region. Result showed that northern of Xinjiang possessed the relatively lower humidity and higher average temperature in comparison with southern area. In addition, the total anthocyanin profiles of Cabernet sauvignon, which in Changji, Wushitala, Heshuo respectively, were higher than of other plots. This result might be caused by which those have relatively higher altitude than in other plots. For merlot, the higher anthocyanin concentrations performed in southern of Xinjiang, which could be contributed to the lower average temperature and higher relative humidity. Comparing Cabernet sauvignon and Merlot, the latter was easily affected by environment factors, and the anthocyanin composition and concentration of Merlot showed significant differences in different regions.

Vineyard row orientation plays a critical role in determining cluster microclimate. This study aimed to figure out how cluster positions determined by vineyard row orientation affect grape flavonoids and aroma profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon and Italian Riesling grapes. Three cluster positions (two canopy sides and the inner canopy) of NS and EW oriented row Cabernet Sauvignon and NS oriented row Italian Riesling were selected for the experiment. Microclimate data was monitored around clusters from both canopy sides of different row orientations. The south canopy side had higher daytime temperatures and PAR than the north canopy side in EW row orientation. Flavonoids of grape skins and seeds were separated and determined by LC-MS, and aroma compounds of grape must were determined by GC-MS. Results showed that flavanols were affected by orientations, and EW orientation had higher berries skin flavanol concentration than NS orientation. EW-IN berries had fewer glucuronide form flavonols and 3'-hydroxylated flavonols than the other two positions in EW orientation. Inner canopy berries had lower flavonol concentration than other positions in EW orientation of CS and NS orientation of IR. To aromas, C6/C9 were the main compounds significantly affected by row orientations. EW orientation berries had higher C6 alcohols concentration such as (E)-3-Hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-Hexen-1-ol and (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol than NS orientation, while NS orientation berries had higher C6 aldehyde concentrations such as Hexanal and (E)-2-hexenal than EW orientation. EW-IN berries had more abundant C6/C9 compounds than the other two positions. The study provided preliminary scientific evidence for vineyard viticulture practice and harvest strategy.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact and mechanism of co-blocking of costimulatory signals CD28-B7-CD40-CD40L during immune allograft rejection. Forty-eight recipient rabbits were prepared as a high-risk corneal allograft model. After surgery, the animals were randomly divided into: control group, MR1 group, anti-B7 group, and co-blocking group (n=12, each group). Subconjunctival injection was first performed on the allograft surgery day until post-surgery day five. Four weeks later, or when immune rejection occurred, the cornea was sampled to detect and analyze the gene spectrum. The survival time in the co-blocking group was significantly longer than that in the other three groups (p < 0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed that the expression of genes associated with immune rejection, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1, and IL-2 was down-regulated in the co-blocking group, while IL-10 was up-regulated, but the changes in nuclear factor-κB and interferon-γ were not significant. In conclusion, the co-blocking of costimulatory signals can significantly reduce genes that promote corneal allograft rejection. The inhibition of corneal allograft rejection gene expression was significantly enhanced. These gene expression results can explain the conclusion of previous work at the genetic level.